BBS 2nd year :Unit 1: Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management

Unit  :1 Organizational Behavior and Human Resources Management

What is Management (व्यवस्थापन भनेको के हो)

Management means getting things done through others to achieve goals.
 अरूको सहयोगमा लक्ष्य प्राप्त गर्न काम गर्ने प्रक्रिया।

Definitions of Management (व्यवस्थापनका परिभाषा)

• Koontz: Getting things done by others.
• Follett: Art of working with people to get the job done.
  Main Point: अरूको माध्यमबाट कार्य सम्पन्न गर्ने कला।

 Features of Management (व्यवस्थापनका विशेषताहरू)

1. Goal-oriented (लक्ष्यमुखी)
2. Teamwork needed (समूहकार्य आवश्यक)
3. Universal application (सर्वव्यापक प्रयोग)
4. Continuous process (निरन्तर प्रक्रिया)
5. Dynamic and flexible (परिवर्तनशील)

 Importance of Management (व्यवस्थापनको महत्व)

• Helps to achieve goals (लक्ष्य हासिल गर्न सहयोग गर्छ)
• Makes work simple and organized (काम सरल र व्यवस्थित बनाउँछ)
• Saves time and cost (समय र खर्च बचत गर्छ)
• Improves teamwork (टीमवर्क सुधार गर्छ)
• Increases success (सफलता बढाउँछ)

Functions of Management (व्यवस्थापनका कार्यहरू)

1. Planning (योजना बनाउने) – Thinking before doing.
2. Organizing (संरचना बनाउने) – Giving right work to right people.
3. Staffing (कर्मचारी छनोट) – Hiring and training people.
4. Leading (नेतृत्व दिने) – Motivating and guiding others.
5. Controlling (नियन्त्रण गर्ने) – Checking if work goes as planned.

 Levels of Management (व्यवस्थापनका तहहरू)

1. Top Level (शीर्ष तह) – Makes main policies and plans.
2. Middle Level (मध्य तह) – Connects top and lower levels.
3. Lower Level (तल तह) – Directly supervises workers.

Skills of a Manager (व्यवस्थापकका सीपहरू)

• Technical Skill (प्राविधिक सीप) – Know-how to perform tasks.
• Human Skill (मानव सीप) – Work and communicate with others.
• Conceptual Skill (अवधारणात्मक सीप) – Understand, analyze and plan.

Organizational Behaviour System (संगठनात्मक व्यवहार प्रणाली)

Organizational Behaviour (OB) is the study of human behavior in organizations.
It explains how individuals and groups act within an organization to achieve goals.

Main Point (मुख्य कुरा):
संस्थाभित्र मानिसहरूको व्यवहार, सोच, र क्रियाकलाप अध्ययन गर्ने प्रक्रिया।

OB System – Inputs, Processing, and Outputs

1. Inputs (इनपुट):
   • People, structure, technology, environment.
      संगठनमा मान्छे, संरचना, प्रविधि र वातावरण प्रवेश गर्छ।
2. Processing (प्रक्रिया):
   • Interaction among people and management functions.
      कर्मचारी र व्यवस्थापनबीचको अन्तर्क्रिया प्रक्रिया।
3. Outputs (आउटपुट):
   • Improved performance, satisfaction, and effectiveness.
      राम्रो प्रदर्शन, सन्तुष्टि र दक्षता परिणामस्वरूप प्राप्त हुन्छ।

Basic Assumptions of Organizational Behaviour (OB का आधारभूत मान्यताहरू)

1. Assumptions about the Nature of People (मानिसको स्वभावसम्बन्धी मान्यता)

a. Individual Differences (व्यक्तिगत भिन्नता):

• Every person is unique in ability, attitude, and behavior.
   प्रत्येक व्यक्ति फरक क्षमताको हुन्छ।

b. Selective Perception (चयनात्मक बुझाइ):

• People see and understand things differently.
   सबैले एउटै कुरा फरक ढङ्गले बुझ्छन्।

c. A Whole Person (सम्पूर्ण व्यक्ति):

• Emotions, values, and personal life affect behavior at work.
   व्यक्तिको व्यक्तिगत र भावनात्मक पक्षले काममा असर पार्छ।

d. Motivated Behavior (प्रेरित व्यवहार):

• Every action has a reason or motivation behind it.
   मानिसहरू प्रेरणाले काम गर्छन्।

2. Assumptions about the Nature of Organization (संस्थाको स्वभावसम्बन्धी मान्यता)

a. Social System (सामाजिक प्रणाली):

• Organization is a social unit where people interact and work together.
   संस्था सामाजिक प्रणाली हो जहाँ मानिसहरू मिलेर काम गर्छन्।

b. Mutuality of Interest (हितको परस्परता):

• Both employer and employees need each other to achieve goals.
   संस्था र कर्मचारी दुवैको हित आपसमा जोडिएको हुन्छ।

c. Ethical Behavior (नैतिक व्यवहार):

• Honesty and fairness are essential in all organizational activities.
   संस्थामा नैतिकता र इमानदारी आवश्यक हुन्छ।

Contributing Disciplines to the Field of Organizational Behaviour (OB मा योगदान दिने विषयहरू)

Organizational Behaviour combines knowledge from many disciplines to understand human behaviour at work.
Main Point : मानिसहरूको कार्यस्थलमा व्यवहार बुझ्न विभिन्न विषयहरूको प्रयोग हुन्छ।

1. Psychology (मनोविज्ञान)

• Focuses on individual behavior, personality, perception, motivation, learning, and attitude.
• Helps managers understand why people behave differently.
   व्यक्तिगत सोच, प्रेरणा, र व्यवहार अध्ययन गर्ने विज्ञान।

2. Social Psychology (सामाजिक मनोविज्ञान)

• Studies group dynamics, communication, leadership, and teamwork.
• Focuses on how individuals affect and are affected by others.
   समूहभित्रको अन्तरक्रिया र सम्बन्ध बुझ्ने विषय।

3. Sociology (समाजशास्त्र)

• Explains organization structure, roles, norms, and group culture.
• Helps in understanding group behavior and social system inside organizations.
   संगठनको संरचना र समूह व्यवहार बुझाउने विषय।

4. Anthropology (मानवशास्त्र)

• Studies culture, values, beliefs, and traditions of people at work.
• Helps organizations manage diversity and cross-cultural differences.
  कार्यस्थलमा संस्कृतिको प्रभाव बुझाउने विषय।

5. Other Disciplines (अन्य विषयहरू)

• Economics: decision-making, incentives.
• Political Science: power, conflict, leadership.
• Management: planning, organizing, and control.
   यी विषयहरूले निर्णय, नेतृत्व, र नीति निर्माणमा सहयोग गर्छन्।

Individual Behaviour as an Input–Output System (व्यक्तिगत व्यवहार इनपुट–आउटपुट प्रणाली)

Individual behaviour can be viewed as a system that receives information (input), processes it, and responds (output).

1. Inputs (इनपुटहरू)

a. Internal Stimuli (आन्तरिक प्रेरणा):

• Needs, goals, values, personality, perception, learning.
   व्यक्तिगत चाहना, सोच र अनुभवले व्यवहार निर्धारण गर्छ।

b. External Stimuli (बाह्य प्रेरणा):

• Organization environment, culture, management policy, peer group.
  बाहिरी वातावरण र नियमले पनि व्यवहार प्रभावित गर्छ।

2. Processing (प्रक्रिया)

• The person interprets information, evaluates, and decides actions based on past experience.
   सोच्ने, तुलना गर्ने र निर्णय गर्ने मानसिक प्रक्रिया।

3. Outputs (आउटपुटहरू)

• Actual behavior at work such as performance, cooperation, attitude, or communication.
   कर्मचारीको वास्तविक कार्य, सहकार्य, र बोलीचाल।

4. Feedback (प्रतिक्रिया)

• Feedback from environment helps individual adjust and improve future behavior.
  प्रतिक्रिया सुधार र सिकाइका लागि उपयोगी हुन्छ।

Foundations of Individual Behaviour (व्यक्तिगत व्यवहारका आधारहरू)

1. Personality (व्यक्तित्व):
   • Unique set of characteristics influencing behavior.
      व्यक्ति फरक स्वभाव र व्यवहारले परिचित हुन्छ।
2. Perception (बुझाइ):
   • The way a person sees and interprets things.
      एउटै कुरा सबैले फरक ढङ्गले बुझ्न सक्छ।
3. Attitudes (दृष्टिकोण):
   • Positive or negative feelings toward something.
      वस्तु वा व्यक्तिप्रतिको सकारात्मक वा नकारात्मक सोच।
4. Learning (सिकाइ):
   • Permanent change in behavior due to experience.
      अनुभवबाट व्यवहारमा आएको स्थायी परिवर्तन।

Mental Process (मानसिक प्रक्रिया)

Mental process means how a person thinks, feels, and acts.
It helps to understand how people make decisions and behave in an organization.

 Main Point (मुख्य कुरा): सोच्ने, बुझ्ने, निर्णय गर्ने र व्यवहार गर्ने मानसिक क्रियाकलापलाई मानसिक प्रक्रिया भनिन्छ।

Main Mental Processes (मुख्य मानसिक प्रक्रियाहरू):

1. Sensation (संवेदना): Receiving information through senses.
2. Perception (बुझाइ): Interpreting what is sensed.
3. Learning (सिकाइ): Gaining knowledge and changing behavior through experience.
4. Thinking (विचार): Analyzing and understanding ideas or problems.
5. Memory (स्मृति): Storing and recalling past experiences.
6. Motivation (प्रेरणा): Inner drive that directs actions.
7. Emotion (भावना): Feelings like joy, anger, fear that influence behavior.

  Determinants of Individual Behaviour (व्यक्तिगत व्यवहारका निर्धारकहरू)

Individual behaviour is influenced by many internal and external factors.

Main Point: व्यक्तिको व्यवहार उसकै विश्वास, मूल्य, चाहना र वातावरणबाट प्रभावित हुन्छ।

Main Determinants:

1. Beliefs (विश्वास):
   • Personal understanding of truth or reality.
     मानिसको विश्वासले उसको सोच र व्यवहार निर्धारण गर्छ।
2. Values (मूल्यहरू):
   • Principles that define what is right or wrong.
     मूल्यहरूले नैतिक व्यवहार र निर्णयमा प्रभाव पार्छ।
3. Attitudes (दृष्टिकोण):
   • Positive or negative feeling toward something.
     दृष्टिकोणले कामप्रतिको जोश र व्यवहार निर्धारण गर्छ।
4. Needs and Goals (आवश्यकता र लक्ष्य):
   • What a person wants to achieve.

 आवश्यकताले व्यवहारलाई दिशा दिन्छ।

5. Motives (प्रेरणा):
   • Internal drive that pushes a person to act.
     प्रेरणाले कार्य गर्न उत्साहित बनाउँछ।
6. Emotions (भावनाहरू):
   • Feelings such as anger, happiness, or sadness.
     भावनाले निर्णय र सम्बन्धमा असर पार्छ।
7. Perception (बुझाइ):
   • The way one interprets the environment.
     सबै कुरा मानिसको बुझाइ अनुसार फरक देखिन्छ।

3. New Challenges for Managers in OB (OB मा व्यवस्थापकका नयाँ चुनौतीहरू)

Modern organizations face many new challenges due to change in economy, technology, and people.

Main Point: व्यवस्थापकले बदलिँदो वातावरण र विविध जनशक्तिलाई सन्तुलनमा राख्नुपर्ने चुनौती हुन्छ।

Main Challenges:

1. Responding to Economic Pressure (आर्थिक दबाबको सामना):
   • Managers must control cost and maintain performance during crises.
      आर्थिक कठिनाइमा पनि उत्पादकता कायम राख्नु।
2. Responding to Globalization (विश्वव्यापीकरणको सामना):
   • Workforces are international; managers must handle cross-cultural issues.
     फरक देश र संस्कृतिका मानिससँग काम गर्न सक्ने हुनुपर्छ।
3. Managing Workforce Diversity (जनशक्ति विविधता व्यवस्थापन):
   • Different gender, age, religion, and culture must be respected.
      विविध पृष्ठभूमिका कर्मचारीबीच समानता र सहकार्य बढाउनु।
4. Improving Customer Service (ग्राहक सेवामा सुधार):
   • Employees must focus on satisfying customers’ needs.
      ग्राहक केन्द्रित सोच विकास गर्नु।
5. Coping with Temporary Workforce (अस्थायी कर्मचारीसँग सामना):
   • Many workers are part-time or contract-based.
      अस्थायी कर्मचारीलाई पनि प्रेरित र उत्पादनशील राख्नु।
6. Using Technology (प्रविधिको प्रयोग):
   • Managers must update with HR technology and e-HRM.
     नयाँ प्रविधि सिक्ने र प्रयोग गर्ने क्षमता विकास गर्नु।