Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter 25: Recent Trends in Physics
25.1 Surface and Internal WavesSurface WavesTravel along Earth’s surface.Types:Rayleigh waves → Roll like ocean waves, both vertical & horizontal motion.Love waves → Horizontal shear motion, faster than Rayleigh.Internal Waves...
Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter 24: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reaction
24.1 Alpha, Beta & Gamma Particlesα-particle → Helium nucleus (2p + 2n), +2 charge, heavy, low penetration (stopped by paper).β-particle → Electron (β⁻) or...
Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter 23: Quantization of Energy
23.1 Bohr’s Theory of Hydrogen Atom23.2 Spectral Series; Excitation and Ionization Potentials23.3 Energy Level; Emission and Absorption SpectraEnergy level diagram: Negative energy values (closer...
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Class 12 Physics Notes
22. Semiconductor Devices
22.1 P–N JunctionFormed by joining p-type and n-type semiconductors.At junction:Electrons & holes combine →...
Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter 21: Protons
21.1 Quantum Nature of RadiationLight has dual nature: wave + particle (photon).Photon energy:Photons explain...
Class 12 Physics Notes
Chapter 20: Electrons
20.1 Millikan’s Oil Drop ExperimentPurpose: To measure the charge of an electron (e).Idea: Oil...
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Chapter 19: Alternating Currents
19.1 Peak and RMS Value of AC Current and Voltage19.2 AC Through Resistor, Inductor,...
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Chapter 18: Electromagnetic Induction
18.1 Faraday’s Laws; Induced Electric Fields18.2 Lenz’s Law, Motional emfLenz’s Law: The direction of...
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Chapter 17: Magnetic Properties of Materials
17.1 7.1 Magnetic Field Lines and Magnetic FluxMagnetic field lines: Imaginary curves showing the...
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Chapter 16: Magnetic Field
16.1 Magnetic field lines & magnetic flux; Oersted’s experiment16.2 Force on moving charge; Force...
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Chapter 15: Thermoelectric Effect
15.1 Seebeck Effect; ThermocouplesSeebeck Effect: When two different metals are joined to form a...